Limited use hypodermic syringe

ABSTRACT

A hypodermic syringe which can be filled with liquid medication for injection into a subject only from a container of the liquid under pressure greater than the ambient pressure around the syringe includes a moveable piston in a cylinder and an injection needle extending from one end of the cylinder defining a liquid dosage space between the piston and the needle and on the other side of the piston in the cylinder is a piston stem that extends from the other end of the cylinder and is manipulated by the user to inject a liquid from the dosage space under the force of the piston out of the needle, the piston and the piston stem being adapted so that the stem can be manipulated to push the piston toward the needle, but the stem cannot be manipulated to pull the piston away from the needle, and the position of the stem in the cylinder can be adjusted at any of a plurality of positions that limit the travel of the piston away from the needle and so limit the volume of the liquid dosage space defined between the piston and the needle. In preferred embodiments, the limitation adjustment is continuously variable at all values of dosage space volume from substantially zero to a predetermined maximum volume.

This is a division of application Ser. No. 222,553, filed Jul. 21, 1988now U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,441.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to hypodermic syringes of the type thatare filled with liquid medication from a vial of the liquid that ispressurized to a pressure greater than the pressure within the syringe.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Most syringes for hypodermic injection of a liquid into a subject arecapable of repeated use if a user so desires, or the syringe can bedestroyed by the user so that it cannot be used again.

The need for a hypodermic syringe that cannot be reused has becomeparticularly important in view of the repeated reuse of discardedhypodermic syringes by drug addicts without proper sterilization betweeneach use. Blood born infectious diseases are spread between drug addictsthat share a syringe. This has been identified as a major cause of thespread of hepatitis, venereal disease, and AIDS among drug addicts. Drugaddicts are known to rummage through the trash of a hospital in aneffort to find discarded syringes. Clearly, that source of syringes forillicit use by drug addicts would be stopped if all syringes weredestroyed after use and before being discarded.

Heretofore this problem has been addressed time and again in efforts toprovide a non-reusable syringe and in all of those efforts attention ispaid to the way the drug addict uses the discarded syringe and theeffort is made to redesign the syringe so that it cannot be used in thatway. The usual illicit use of a hypodermic syringe involves filling thesyringe with liquid for injection from an open vessel, which is done byinserting the syringe needle into the liquid and drawing back thesyringe piston creating a slight vacuum in the syringe so that liquidfrom the vessel flows under atmospheric pressure through the needle intothe syringe.

A very simple way to frustrate this illicit use it to break of destroythe needle of the syringe or destroy the piston or destroy the cylinder.These "destroy" techniques are not automatic and so the destruction isdiscretionary with the user. A more subtle technique provides a plungerthat can be retracted only once. More particularly, after a firstretraction and injection by a legitimate user, the piston cannot bewithdrawn again to draw in another charge of liquid for injection,because the stem attached to the piston hits against a stop.Unfortunately, the stop can be tampered with and made ineffective and sothe syringe can be used again when that is done.

Thus, while some of the techniques used in the past to provide anon-reusable syringe are automatic and are not discretionary with thefirst user, they can be tampered with by a drug addict and the syringeused again. The other techniques that destroy useful parts of thesyringe are quite effective provided they are carried out and since allare discretionary with the first user, such syringes that come initiallyinto the hands of a drug addict never get destroyed and are passedaround and give rise to the problem.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a hypodermic syringethat cannot be used in the conventional way that hypodermic syringes areused by drug addicts, and, in particular, cannot be filled with liquidfor an injection from an open vessel.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a hypodermic syringethat does not depend upon a discretionary act of the first user to limitthe usefulness of the syringe for illicit use by a drug addict.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a hypodermicsyringe that is not reusable by any conventional way that drug addictsuse a syringe and where that condition does not depend upon adiscretionary action by a first user, and so some of the limitationsmentioned above of prior non-reusable syringes are avoided.

It is another object to provide a hypodermic syringe that isintrinsically less useful for illicit uses, because the syringe pistoncannot be withdrawn to draw by vacuum a liquid into the syringe, whilethe syringe can be used repeatedly by those having facilities forloading the syringe with liquid from a pressurized rubber diaphragm vialof the liquid.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

All embodiments of the present invention provide a hypodermic syringewhich can only be filled with liquid medication for injection into asubject from a rubber syringe pushing the piston away from the needleuntil it abuts the stem; insert the needle into the subject; andmanually drive the stem relative to the cylinder against the pistonforcing the dosage liquid through the needle into the subject.

Also, in preferred embodiments, a scale is provided along the cylinderwith marks indicating the liquid dosage volume and means are providedfor stopping the longitudinal position of the stem in the cylinder sothat the liquid dosage space volume defined when the piston abuts thestem is at a particular selected value shown on the scale. In oneembodiment, that means for stopping includes a stop ring attached to thestem at the end of the stem that abuts the piston and fits in theannular space between the stem and the inside of the cylinder, incombination with means carried on the outside of the cylinder that ispositionable at any point along the cylinder and carries a probe thatcan be manipulated to penetrate through the cylinder wall into theannular space and so limit the maximum withdrawal position of the stemfrom the cylinder and so set the maximum dosage space volume.

According to another embodiment, means are provided at the open end ofthe cylinder for positioning a continuous ratchet type device againstthe stem where the stem emerges from the open end of the cylinder sothat the continuous ratchet type device prevents the further withdrawalof the stem from the cylinder and yet does not inhibit inserting thestem further into the cylinder and driving the piston toward the needle.

All embodiments of the present invention require a pressurized rubberdiaphragm vial of the liquid medication to fill the syringe with thedesired dosage volume and the vial must be pressurized to a pressuregreater than the pressure in and around the syringe (usually ambientpressure). Such containers are in ready supply for legitimate use in theform of glass bottles with a single neck and opening in which a rubberdiaphragm stopper is inserted and held in place by a metal (aluminum)cap that is press fit onto the stopper and around the neck of thebottle. These are called rubber diaphragm medication vials. An openingat the center of the metal cap provides access to the center part(target area) of the rubber diaphragm. Access to the interior of thevial is achieved by inserting a hollow needle through the rubberdiaphragm into the bottle and the rubber seals around the needle so thatair borne contamination cannot enter the vial.

The advantage of this type vial of encapsulated liquid medication isthat the vial remains sealed at all times against ambient air and theseal is not broken when the inside of the bottle is accessed with asyringe needle, because the needle penetrating the stopper is sealedagainst by the stopper as the needle penetrates the stopper and sincethe pressure in the vial is greater than the pressure inside thesyringe, there is no flow of gas or liquid into the vial through theneedle.

Such rubber diaphragm vials are used quite widely for the legitimateadministering of drugs and medication by a hypodermic syringe. The vialrequire periodic renewing of the gas pressure inside as the contents ofthe vial are withdrawn by hypodermic syringe for use. The pressure isreplenished using a special hand pump with a needle output and is valvedso that it can be stroked several times to increase the pressure insidethe vial. The pump is preferably filled with sanitized air or containsmeans to sanitize the air it is filled with.

Following that the hypodermic syringe is inserted through the samestopper and since the pressure inside the bottle is now greater thanambient the liquid flows from the bottle into the syringe through thesyringe needle. In this way the medication is maintained in an air tightseal under pressure and ready for use.

Some of the limitations and inconveniences of the available rubberdiaphragm vials are: the pump needle and the hypodermic syringe needleto be filled with the liquid medication are inserted through the samerubber diaphragm stopper and so care must be taken that the pump needleemerges in the vial air pocket and that the syringe needle emerges inthe vial liquid and this may require turning the vial and carefullscrutiny by the user; and the rubber diaphragm that may be ideal for thevery small hypodermic needle is not ideal for the much larger pumpneedle and vice versa. Another problem that arises particularly forinfirm people who administer medication to themselves by hypodermicsyringe is that the diaphragm target that the syringe needle is insertedthrough is small and sometimes difficult to hit by a person with pooreyesight or a trembling hand.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a rubberdiaphragm vial type of liquid medication bottle wherewith some of theabove mentioned difficulties and limitations of such vials and the usageof the same are avoided.

It is another object to provide a rubber diaphragm vial type ofmedication bottle having separate needle penetratable stoppers for apump needle and for a hypodermic syringe needle located with respect toeach other where they are most conveniently used to increase gaspressure inside the bottle by inserting the pump needle or to extract adosage of the medication from the bottle with a hypodermic syringe.

These and other objects and advantages of the present invention willbecome apparent from the following specific description of embodimentsof the invention and the appended claims.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1 and 2 are plan cross-section and plan partially cross-sectionviews, respectively, of a hypodermic syringe incorporating features ofthe present invention and shown longitudinally upright with the needlethereof pointing upward and including structure for limiting the inputdosage volume in the syringe moveably located along the syringe cylinderon a volume scale marked therealong;

FIGS. 3 and 4 are plan and top views, respectively, of another form ofthe structure shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 for varying the maximim intakevolume of the syringe;

FIGS. 5 and 6 are fully cross-section and non-cross-section,respectively, plan views of another embodiment of hypodermic syringeoriented longitudinally upright with the needle thereof pointing upwardwherein the means for setting maximum intake dosage volume includes acontinuous ratchet type stem stop mechanism at the output end of thecylinder that is manipulated by turning to inhibit further withdrawal ofthe stem from any desired longitudinal position within the syringecylinder;

FIG. 7 is a bottom end view of the continuous ratchet type stem stopmechanism;

FIG. 8 is a plan cross-section view showing the continuous ratchet typestem stop mechanism manipulated to a position where the stem is stoppedand cannot be further withdrawn from the cylinder, but is readilymoveable into the cylinder;

FIG. 9 is a plan cross-section view of a rubber diaphragm vial type ofliquid medication bottle oriented upright with a diaphragm for access bya pump needle at the top, a diaphragm for access by a hypodermic syringeat the bottom and a special guide attachment enabling easy access to thetarget area of the hypodermic syringe diaphragm;

FIG. 10 is a side view of the rubber diaphragm vial type liquidmedication bottle of FIG. 9; and

FIGS. 11 and 12 are plan cross-section and end views, respectively, ofthe special guide attachment to the syringe access stopper.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

The various embodiments of the present invention described herein andshown in the several figures include a number of assemblies, parts andmembers which are essentially the same in each embodiment. Therefore,those that are the same will bear the same general reference number andwhere a given part thereof varies from one embodiment to another onlythe given part that is different will bear a different reference number.

All of the embodiments that describe a hypodermic syringe are referredto herein as a hypodermic syringe having limited use. By limited use, itis meant that the syringe can only be filled with a liquid to beadministered from a pressurized vial of the liquid that can be accessedby inserting the syringe needle through a rubber diaphragm of thepressurized vial. Inasmuch as such a vial for liquid medication isusually not part of a drug addicts' paraphernalia for illegal use ofdrugs, these embodiments of the present invention are also referred toas being non-reusable for illicit injecting of drugs.

Hypodermic Syringe - First Embodiment

Turning first to FIGS. 1 and 2 there are shown two views of a hypodermicsyringe including a cylinder or barrel 1 open at one end (the bottomend) and restricted at the other end (the top end) by the needleassembly 2. At the restricted end, the needle is embedded in the needlebase 3 which is sealed to the top end of the cylinder. The inside of thecylinder is of uniform cross-section from the restricted end to the openend so that the piston 4 is moveable therethrough under force suppliedto the piston via the piston stem 5 against the backface 4b of thepiston or by a fluid force against the front face 4a of the piston.

Piston 4 fits snugly around the perimeter of both the front face 4a andthe back face 4b against the inside wall 1a of the syringe cylinderforming at least a liquid tight seal therewith and preferably forming agas tight seal therewith. To ensure such a seal the piston may be madeof resilient rubber and the syringe cylinder may be made of relativelyrigid plastic or it may be made of glass.

The front face 5a of piston stem 5 abuts the back face 4b of the pistonand the back face 5b of the stem emerges from the open end of thecylinder and may include a flange 6 to facilitate manual manipulation ofthe stem. Also, a flange 7 may be provided at the open end of thecylinder to further enable manual manipulation of the stem relative tothe cylinder.

Piston stem 5 fits easily longitudinally within cylinder and defines anannular space 8 between the stem and the inside walls 1a of the cylinderand annular space 8 is uniform throughout the length of the cylinder. Atthe front end of stem 5, attached to the stem is the stem stop ring 9that moves through the annular space 8 freely as the stem is inserted orwithdrawn from the cylinder. At the front face 5a of the stem that abutsthe back face 4b of piston 4 there may be provided lateral protuberancessuch as 11 on the stem that increase the stem contact area with the backface 4b of piston 4. At the open end of cylinder 1 projecting intoannular space 8 and attached to the cylinder is another stop 12 for thestem that limits withdrawal of the stem from the cylinder when stop 9abuts stop 12.

The arrangement of all parts mentioned above and shown in FIG. 1 is suchthat stem 5 can be freely moved longitudinally within cylinder 1 towardor away from piston 4. It can be freely moved toward the piston untilcontacting the back face 4b of the piston and then continued in thatdirection until the front face 4a of the piston meets needle base 3.Also, stem 5 can be withdrawn from the cylinder and moved away from thepiston until stop 9 attached to the stem meets stop 12 attached to thecylinder. To facilitate this movement of the stem within the cylinder,the user may use flanges 6 and 7 with the middle and fourth finger onflange 7 and thumb on flange 6 to push the stem toward the piston andthe user may use both hands to withdraw the stem from the cylinder awayfrom the piston.

A variable stop is also provided for stem stop ring 9 in the annularspace 8. The variable stop assembly 13 includes a ring 14 that slidesalong the outside of cylinder 1 and carries a probe 15 at the end ofthumb screw 16. Ring 14 is positioned along cylinder 1 where the stop isdesired and thumb screw 16 is screwed into the ring so that probe 15penetrates the wall of cylinder 1 and projects into annular space 8. Thepenetrating probe 15 acts as a stop for stem stop ring 9 and so fixesthe maximum withdrawal position of the stem in the cylinder when thesyringe needle is inserted into a rubber diaphragm vial to fill thesyringe More particularly, liquid from the vial flows through needle 2into the dosage space 17 defined by piston front face 4a and needle base3. The liquid under pressure from the vial flows into space 17 forcingthe piston against the stem and moving both together toward the otherend of the cylinder until stem stop 9 meets penetrating probe 15. Thesyringe is then filled with the desired dose.

FIG. 2 shows the same hypodermic syringe with a dosage volume scale 18on the outside of the cylinder. In this figure the variable stopassembly 13 is set at a reading of 100 and the penetrating probe 15penetrates the cylinder wall at the mark 100 and so sets the stop at100. The scale 18 is so arranged that the volume of fluid between pistonface 4a and needle base 3 is 100 units of volume. The user can thenadminister the injection and inject all or any part of the 100 units. Ifpart of the 100 units are injected, the user can determine how manyunits are injected by noting the position of dark line 19 along scale18. For that purpose, cylinder 1 must be transparent.

If the user injects some of the 100 units and then desires to refill thesyringe to the 100 units, the user need only reinsert the syringe intothe rubber diaphragm vial containing the medication and the syringe willfill up again to the 100 mark. The user can also reset variable stop 13to a volume dosage that is lower than the one initially set (100 in thisexample); however, since stop 13 punctures the cylinder wall each timeit is set, it cannot be reset at a greater volume dosage than theinitial set.

Clearly, the syringe cannot be filled at any time by drawing liquid inthrough the needle into a relative vacuum created in space 17, becausethe piston cannot be pulled by the stem, it can only be pushed by thestem.

An alternate variable stop assembly 13 of this embodiment is shown inFIGS. 3 and 4. Here the ring 19 has a notch or cut out 19a in the topsurface 19b allowing a clear view of the dosage volume scale number onthe outside of the cylinder. As shown in FIG. 3, the scale number is 100units and the stop is aligned with 100 when the top surface 19a of thering is even with the mark alongside the number. An arrow 20 may beprovided on the top surface of ring 19 aligned with the volume numbermark.

To ensure that air is not trapped in annular space 8 that might impedemovement of the stem in and out of the cylinder, the stem stop 9 andcylinder stop 12 may both be perforated longitudinally so that they actonly as mechanical stops and do not impede the flow of air displaced inthe annular space when the syringe is used.

Limited Use Hypodermic Syringe - Second Embodiment

Turning next to FIGS. 5 to 8 there is shown another embodiment of ahypodermic syringe incorporating features of the invention. Here, thestructure is the same as in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 exceptat the open end of cylinder 1, below flange 7, another mechanism isprovided for stopping the stem and serves essentially the same functionas variable stop assembly 13. Here, stop 9 at the upper end of stem 5serves only to abut cylinder stop 21 at the open end of the cylinder andso prevent the stem from being fully withdrawn from the cylinder. At allother positions between full insertion of the stem up the cylinder, towithdrawal of the stem to stop 21, the stem is stopped to preventfurther withdrawal of the stem by the continuous ratchet operation ofthe variable stop assembly 22 at the open end of the cylinder. Thecontinuous ratchet operation is accomplished by fingers 23 to 26 thatextend radially inwardly on the inside of nut 27 that screws ontothreaded coaxial boss 28 that extends downward from flange 7 and is acontinuation of cylinder 1. When nut 27 is screwed onto threaded boss 28as shown in FIG. 5 so that the fingers 23 to 26 do not touch the beveledinside face 29 at the end of threaded boss 28, the fingers are tiltedmore upward and do not touch piston stem 5. However, when nut 27 isscrewed onto boss 28 further as shown in FIG. 8, the fingers encounterbevel face 29 and are bent downward and inward so that they projectagainst the stem as shown in FIG. 8. In this position, the fingers actlike engaging palls of a continuous ratchet and prevent withdrawal ofthe stem from the cylinder; however, they do not prevent inserting thestem further into the cylinder. This pall action can be released bysimply screwing nut 27 off of boss 28 so that the fingers return to theposition shown in FIG. 5 where they do not contact the bevelled edge 29sufficiently to be bent against the stem. A top view of nut 27 removedfrom boss 28 illustrared in FIG. 7 shows the four pawl-like fingers 23to 26.

The hypodermic syringe shown in FIGS. 5 to 8 is used in much the sameway as the syringe shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. To fill the syringe from arubber diaphragm vial that has been pressurized, first the stem ispositioned in the cylinder by inserting it or withdrawing it and notingthe position of the stem stop ring 9 along scale 18 on the outside ofcylinder 1. For this purpose the cylinder may be transparent and stopring 9 may be colored dark so that it can be seen through the cylinderand, in fact, the entire stem may be a dark color so that from theoutside the scale appears dark up to the top of ring 9. As shown in FIG.6 the stem is set so that the top of ring 9 aligns with the markalongside, for example, dosage volume of 30 units. At that desiredsetting of the stem, nut 27 is screwed onto boss 28 bending fingers 23to 26 against the stem and locking the stem in that position so that itcannot be further withdrawn from the cylinder, even while not inhibitingthe stem from being inserted further into the cylinder. Then, thesyringe needle is inserted into the rubber diaphragm vial containingliquid at pressure and immediately the liquid flows into space 17 of thesyringe filling that space and forcing the piston against the front face5a of the stem. When the piston reaches the stem set at the scale number30, the volume of space 17 is 30 units and so it holds 30 volume unitsof the liquid medication. Meanwhile the palls 23 to 26 against the stemprevent the piston from pushing the stem further out of the cylinder. Inthis way the syringe is filled to a preset volume of medication liquidand will not fill beyond that volume.

Thereafter, without releasing nut 27, the syringe can be used to injectall or part of the liquid in one or more sequential steps. However,during that process the syringe cannot be refilled back to the level of30 units of volume, because the pawls 23 to 26 still prevent the stemfrom being withdrawn from the cylinder. In this embodiment, in order torefill the syringe, the pawls must be released by unscrewing nut 27 andthen reposition the stem and again tighten nut 27 to reset the pawlsagainst the stem. Clearly, the stem can be reset at any scale value,even one greater than the initial set, as there is no perferation of thecylinder.

Comparison of Operations of First and Second Embodiments

Uses of the first and second embodiments of hypodermic syringe accordingto the present invention can be compared as follows:

    ______________________________________                                        First Embodiment  Second Embodiment                                           ______________________________________                                        (a) after first set of stop 13,                                                                 (a) after first set of stop 22                              syringe can be unloaded and                                                                     syringe can be unloaded,                                    reloaded as many times as                                                                       but cannot be reloaded                                      desired without resetting 13;                                                                   without releasing 22;                                       (b) after first set of stop 13                                                                  (b) after first set of stop 22                              stop 13 can be released, but                                                                    stop 22 can be released and                                 cannot be reset at a greater                                                                    reset at a greater value than                               value than the first set; and                                                                   first set; and                                              (c) setting stop 13 partially                                                                   (c) setting, releasing and                                  destroys the syringe.                                                                           resetting stop 22 in no way                                                   destroys the syringe.                                       ______________________________________                                    

Dual Rubber Diaphragm Vial

Turning next to FIGS. 9 through 12 there is shown a specially adaptedrubber diaphragm vial containing liquid medication that is administeredusing a hypodermic syringe such as those described herein. The body 51of the vial is preferably made of glass and has two openings, a pumpneedle access opening 54 at the top and a hypodermic syringe needleaccess opening 64 at the bottom, both stoppered with a rubber diaphragmstopper designed for penetration with a needle. At the top opening, thepump needle access rubber diaphragm stopper assembly 52 includes a pumpneedle rubber diaphragm stopper 53 that plugs the opening neck at thetop is secured in place by a metal cap 57, preferably made of aluminum,that folds around the vial lip 56 and around the top of diaphragm 53leaving a target area 59 of the diaphragm for access to the inside ofthe vial by a pump needle that is thrust through the diaphragm at thetarget area.

At the bottom of the vial, the hypodermic syringe needle access opening64 is preferably oriented perpendicular to the top pump needle accessopening 54. Opening 64 is capped by a hypodermic syringe needle accessrubber diaphragm stopper assembly 62. At the bottom opening, theassembly 62 includes a hypodermic syringe needle access rubber diaphragmstopper 63 that plugs the opening neck and is secured in place by ametal cap 67, preferably made of aluminum, that folds around the viallip 66 and around the top of diaphragm stopper 63 leaving a target area69 of the diaphragm for access to the inside of the vial by a hypodermicsyringe needle that is thrust through the diaphragm at the target area.

Clearly, rubber diaphragm stopper 53 is penetrated with a pump needle topump gas into the vial to increase the vial pressure and rubberdiaphragm 63 is used to withdraw liquid from the vial by a hypodermicsyringe. As described hereinabove with reference prior devices, rubberdiaphragm vials are pressurized using a special pump that has a needlefor penetrating the rubber diaphragm. According to the presentinvention, the pump needle be inserted through a different rubberdiaphragm to pump gas into the vial than the diaphragm through which thehypodermic syringe is inserted to withdraw liquid from the vial andthere are several reasons why this arrangement is preferred.

The rubber diaphragm vial shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 is used mostadvantageously by inserting the pump needle through pump needle accessstopper 54 into the gas space in the vial to pump up the pressuretherein and then inserting the hypodermic syringe needle to be filledwith the liquid medication through syringe needle access stopper 64 intothe liquid space in the vial to fill the syringe. This can besimultaneously, whereby the pump needle is withdrawn before the syringeneedle is inserted, or it can be done simultaneously, whereby thesyringe needle is inserted while the pump needle is still inserted andpumping can be done before and after the syringe needle is filled.

Regardless of the sequence for pumping and filling the syringe, therubber diaphragm vial shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 avoids the necessity ofturning the vial and carefull scrutiny by the user to insure that thepump needle is inserted only into the air space in the vial and thesyringe needle is inserted only into the liquid in the vial.Furthermore, a rubber diaphragm that may be ideal for the very smallhypodermic syringe needle, is not ideal for the much larger pump needleand vice versa. These problems arise with the conventional rubberdiaphragm stopper vial, particularly for infirm people who administermedication to themselves by hypodermic syringe and are avoided with thevial shown in FIGS. 9 and 10.

Funnel Device To Aid Needle Insertion Into Vial

Another problem that arises, particularly for infirm people whoadminister medication to themselves by hypodermic syringe is that thediaphragm target that the syringe needle is inserted through is smalland sometimes difficult to hit by a person with poor eyesight or atrembling hand. Hypodermic syringes are frequently quite small,particularly the disposable syringes. For example, the needle may beonly a half inch long and the cylinder less than a quarter inch indiameter and no more than three inches long. People who use suchhypodermic syringes often administer injections to themselves and sothey suffer some disabilities that require the injections as atreatment. For example, diabetics who often suffer poor eyesight injectthemselves daily with human insulin provided in small rubber diaphragmvials containing 10 to 20 ml. On such vials the target area 69 of therubber diaphragm is quite small, often no more than an eighth inch indiameter and the user may find it difficult to align the syringe needlewith the target and insert it through to withdraw liquid insulin fromthe vial.

To aid in that effort a special funnel assembly 72 is provided that fitsover the hypodermic syringe rubber diaphragm assemble 62 used to fill asyringe with liquid insulin from the vial. The funnel assembly includesa flexible plastic funnel holder 76 with flexible fingers 76a, 76b and76c that spread to fit around the diaphragm assembly and then closearound the outside of neck 64 to fit the funnel assembly securely to theneck of the vial. On the opposite side of the funnel assembly the holderis shaped in the form of a funnel that leads from a large target area tothe small target area 69 of the diaphragm. A stainless steel funnelpiece 75 fits the funnel contour and tends to guide the syringe needleto the target area 69 when inserted toward that area by the user.

Clearly, a funnel assembly like 72 can also be attached to the rubberdiaphragm assembly 52 at the top of the vial to aid inserting the pumpneedle into the vial.

The several embodiments of a hypodermic syringe described herein have incommon a syringe cylinder, needle, piston and piston stem that extendsfrom the open end of the cylinder, the piston stem and piston being soadapted that movement of the stem toward the needle can move the pistontoward the needle, but movement of the stem away from the needle cannotmove the piston away from the needle, and the piston can be moved awayfrom the needle to increase the volume of the dose liquid in the syringeonly by inserting the needle into a liquid at a greater pressure thanthe ambient pressure around the syringe. These embodiments describeseveral structures for setting the dosage volume of the syringe to fillthe syringe with that volume of liquid and each has certain advantageswith respect to the other and both have advantages over the prior art.Another invention disclosed herein is a novel rubber diaphragm stoppervial including separate diaphragms for pumping pressure and forwithdrawing liquid from the vial and a separable funnel assembly to aidthose of limited ability to readily use the vial with competence andefficiency. It is to be understood that additional embodiments andvariations of these inventions will be obvious to those skilled in theart and the embodiments described herein together with those additionalvariations are considered to be within the scope of the inventions.

What is claimed is:
 1. In combination with a hypodermic syringe forinjection of a liquid dosage into a predetermined relatively small areaof an object the hypodermic syringe including a cylinder having an openend and an restricted end, a hollow needle at said cylinder restrictedend for discharging liquid from said syringe, a piston having a frontend and a back end said piston being slidably positioned within saidcylinder forming a liquid tight seal with the interior of said cylinderand defining a liquid dosage space between said piston front end andsaid needle, a piston stem slidable within said cylinder on the back endside of said piston said piston stem back end extending beyond saidcylinder open end, said stem being movable towards said open end of saidcylinder and said stem being movable toward said piston back end movingsaid piston towards said needle forcing dosage liquid from said dosageliquid space through said hollow needle a guide for aiding the manualinsertion of said syringe needle into said relatively small target areaof said object, comprising,(a) a tapered tubular guide body having anopen guide end and a target end, said target end being aligned with andin registration with said relatively small target area, (b) the area ofsaid open guide end being many times greater than the area of saidtarget end, and (c) the inside surface of said tapered tubular guidebody being sufficiently smooth and hard that the point of said needlereadily slides along said surface from said guide end to said target endwhen the syringe is thrust into said guide (d) whereby said point ofsaid syringe needle thrust into said guide is compelled to penetratesaid body at said target area thereof.
 2. The combination in claim 1wherein,(a) said vial body is adapten to stand with said top part abovesaid bottom part.
 3. The combination in claim 1 wherein,(a) said firsthypodermic syringe needle access opening is oriented perpendicular tosaid second pump needle access opening.
 4. The combination in claim 1wherein,(a) said first hypodermic syringe needle access opening isoriented vertical and said second pump needle access opening is orientedhorizontal.
 5. The combination in claim 2 wherein,(a) said firsthypodermic syringe needle access opening is below said second pumpneedle access opening when said vial stands as it is adapted on a levelsurface.
 6. The combination in claim 1 wherein,(a) said vial body isadapten to stand with said top part above said bottom part, (b) saidfirst hypodermic syringe needle access opening being orientedperpendicular to said second pump needle access opening and (c) saidfirst hypodermic syringe needle access opening is oriented vertical andsaid second pump needle access opening is oriented horizontal.
 7. Thecombination in claim 1 wherein,(a) said first hypodermic syringe needleaccess opening is oriented perpendicular to said second pump needleaccess opening, (b) said first hypodermic syringe needle access openingis oriented vertical and said second pump needle access opening isoriented horizontal and (c) said first hypodermic syringe needle accessopening is below said second pump needle access opening when said vialstands as it is adapted on a level surface.
 8. In combination with ahypodermic syringe for injection of a liquid dosage into a predeterminedrelatively small target area of an object, a guide consistingessentially of:(a) a tapered tubular guide body having an open guide endand a target end, said target end being aligned with and in registrationwith said relatively small target end, (b) the area of said open guideend being many times greater than the area of said target end, and (c)the inside surface of said tapered tubular guide body being sufficientlysmooth and hard that the point of said needle readily sides along saidsurface from said guide end to said target end when the syringe isthrust into said guide, (d) whereby said point of said syringe needlethrust into said guide is compelled to penetrate said body at saidtarget area thereof, (e) wherein said tapered tubular guide is adaptedfor attachment to said object so as to place said target end thereofaligned with and in registration with said relatively small target areaof said object, wherein said tapered tubular guide adaptation forattachment to said object includes at least one resilient part thatgrips said object, said tapered tubular guide further comprising: (f) araised edge extending from said target end in a direction away from saidopen guide end whereby said raised edge contacts and exerts pressure onsaid target area of said object when said resilient parts grip saidobject.
 9. The tubular guide of claim 8 wherein said tapered tubularguide is provided by a unitary piece of stainless steel and saidstainless steel piece is fixedly attached to a holder that is adaptedfor attachment to said object so as to place said target end thereofaligned with and in registration with said relatively small target areaof said object.
 10. The tubular guide of claim 8 wherein said targetarea is part of the surface of a rubber diaphragm stopper.
 11. Thetubular guide of claim 10 wherein said diaphragm is a stopper of a vialcontaining liquid medication, and whereby the point of said syringeneedle thrust into said guide is compelled to penetrate said target areaof said rubber diaphragm stopper for access to said liquid medication.